Genetic engineering Flashcards – AQA GCSE Biology - Foundation (8461)

What is a genetically modified (GM) crop?

A crop whose genes have been modified to give it desired characteristics.

What four kinds of desired characteristic can GM crops have?

Resistance to disease, insect attack or herbicides, or production of larger or better-quality fruits.

How can desired characteristics affect GM crop production?

They can reduce crop losses or improve production; GM crops generally have increased yields.

How can changes in herbicide use associated with GM crops affect wildlife?

They can affect wild plants and the insects that depend on them.

What human health concern do some people raise about eating GM crops?

They question whether the health effects have been fully explored.

Does concern about a possible harmful effect of GM crops establish that harm occurs?

No. A concern about a possible effect does not by itself establish harm.

How can a gene be transferred between organisms by genetic engineering?

It can be cut out of one organism’s chromosomes and transferred into cells of another organism.

How is genetic engineering used to produce human insulin for diabetes treatment?

A human insulin gene is introduced into bacterial cells, which then produce human insulin.

How is genetic modification being researched to address inherited disorders?

By potentially introducing a functional gene into affected cells to address an underlying genetic cause.

What risks can modification of human cells carry?

Unintended effects and uncertain long-term outcomes.

What non-medical objection can be raised about modification of human cells?

Some people have ethical objections.

What two qualities must medicines produced using genetically modified organisms be assessed for?

Safety and purity.

How might introducing a working gene into affected cells help treat an inherited disorder?

The cells may produce a functional protein, reducing the disorder’s effects.

What are two limitations of introducing a working gene to treat an inherited disorder?

It may not reach enough relevant cells, or its effect may not last.

What are two potential risks of genetic modification for inherited disorders?

Immune reactions to a delivery vector and unintended changes to DNA.

Why do some people object to genetic modification of embryos?

Changes could be inherited by future generations, and their long-term consequences may be uncertain.