Cell differentiation

As an organism develops, its cells become specialised for different jobs. This process is called cell differentiation. It produces different cell types that can carry out different roles in the organism.

During differentiation, a cell acquires sub-cellular structures suited to its function. For example, a sperm cell develops a tail that allows it to swim towards an egg cell. It also contains many mitochondria, which release energy for movement.

Differentiation in animals and plants

Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage of development. In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repairing tissues and replacing cells.

Many types of plant cell, by contrast, retain the ability to differentiate throughout the plant’s life.